| study | has predicted | T cell epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 (count: 2) | |
|---|---|
| A recent study has also predicted T cell epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 that may be presented by a population from the Asia-Pacific region (Ramaiah & Arumugaswami, 2020) .
| |
| A recent study has also predicted T cell epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 that may be presented by a population from the Asia-Pacific region [55] .
| |
| COVID-19 patients | were becoming for | antibodies from 7-12 days (count: 2) | |
| COVID-19 patients were becoming reactive(positive) for specific antibodies from 7-12 days after the onset of morbidity.
| |
| Three COVID-19 patients were becoming reactive (positive) for specific anti-2019-nCoV antibodies from 7-12 days after the onset of morbidity, and the levels of anti-2019-nCoV IgM and IgG antibodies increased with the progression of the disease.
| |
| lymphocytes | decrease of are | indicators of COVID-19 (count: 2) | |
| In conclusion, our study shows that the comprehensive decrease of lymphocytes, and the elevation of IL-2 and IL-6 are reliable indicators of severe COVID-19.
-- Immunopathological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Guangzhou, China. medrxiv. 2020-03-16. | |
| IL-10 acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine deriving from alternatively activated macrophages, Th2 cells, Tregs, etc 16 In conclusion, our study shows that the comprehensive decrease of lymphocytes, and the elevation of IL-2 and IL-6 are reliable indicators of severe COVID-19.
-- Immunopathological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Guangzhou, China. medrxiv. 2020-03-16. | |
| We | aligned T cell epitopes across | SARS-CoV-2 protein sequences (count: 1) | |
| We aligned these T cell epitopes across the SARS-CoV-2 protein sequences.
| |
| antibodies specific | elicit | response against SARS-CoV-2 warrants (count: 1) | |
| Whether the antibodies specific to this motif maintain their binding and elicit an immune response against SARS-CoV-2 warrants further experimental investigation.
| |
| T cell response | key for | control in COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Thus, we presented the fresh evidence that CD8 + T cell response likely holds the key for successful viral control in COVID-19 patients.
| |
| volcano plot | shows | DEGs of CD8 cells between COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Analysis of the BALF T and NK lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients A. The UMAP plot shows the clustering of lung T and NK cells B. The heatmap of showing the immune typing markers on different T and NK clusters C. The UMAP plots show comparison of the T and NK cell compartments across different groups D. The bar plot shows the percentages of T and NK clusters in each individual sample E. The volcano plot shows the DEGs of CD8 + T cells between severe vs. mild COVID-19 patients.
| |
| T cell expansion status | is in | COVID-19 patients B (count: 1) | |
| Analysis of the T cell clonal expansion in BALF of SARS-COV-2 infected patients A. The UMAP plot shows the T cell expansion status in COVID-19 patients B. The UMAP projection of expanded clonal T cells between severe and mild patient group C. The pie charts show the clonal expansion status of CD8 + T and proliferating T cells in BALFs of severe and mild COVID-19 patients D. The bar plots show clonal expansion status of CD8 + T and proliferating T cells in BALFs from each individual sample E. The volcano plot shows the DEGs of expanded vs. non-expanded CD8 + T cells in BALFs of COVID-19 patients.
| |
| heat inactivation | interferes with | levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| By comparing the levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies before and after heat inactivation of serum at 56 ℃ for 30 minutes using a quantitative fluorescence immunochromatographic assay, we shown that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
-- Heat inactivation of serum interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. medrxiv. 2020-03-16. | |
| immunoassay | measures | IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| The immunoassay quantitatively measures IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
-- Heat inactivation of serum interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. medrxiv. 2020-03-16. | |
| lymphocyte count | was present in | 38.1 % of COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Other symptoms included shortness of breath, myalgia or arthralgia, sore throat, nasal symptoms and diarrhea ( Blood routine showed that decreased lymphocyte count was present in 38.1% of the COVID-19 patients.
| |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | was identified as | risk factor for illness in patients with 2019-nCoV infection (count: 1) | |
| Results: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was identified as the independent risk factor for severe illness in patients with 2019-nCoV infection.
| |
| lymphocytes counts | is in | most severe COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Qin et al demonstrated that lymphocytes counts in most severe COVID-19 patients was reduced, which suggests that SARS-CoV2 might impaired immune system and mainly damaged lymphocytes, especially T lymphocytes (20) .
-- reference not found! | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | antibodies against | SARS-CoV RP01 (count: 1) | |
| Recombinant S1 proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (Cat: 40591-V08H), SARS-CoV (Cat: 40150-V08B1) and MERS-CoV (Cat:40069-V08H), recombinant RBD protein of SARS-CoV (Cat: 40150-V31B2), transfection reagent Sinofection (Cat: STF02), mammalian expression plasmids of full length S or RBD protein of SARS-CoV-2 (Cat: VG40589-UT, Wuhan/IVDC-HB-01/2019) and SARS-CoV (Cat: VG40150-G-N, CUHK-W1), ACE2 (Cat: HG10108-UT), polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV RP01 (Cat: 40150-RP01) and T52 (Cat: 40150-T52) were purchased from Sino Biological.
| |
| SARS-CoV-2 | target | lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| Lymphopenia was a common phenomenon, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 might primarily target lymphocytes, like SARS-CoV 5 .
| |
| we | aligned SARS-CoV B cell epitope region to | 2019-nCoV sequence (count: 1) | |
| Next, we aligned the SARS-CoV B cell epitope region sequences to the 2019-nCoV sequence to calculate the percentage identity between each of the SARS-CoV dominant regions and 2019-nCoV ( Table 2) .
| |
| B cell epitope predictions | using | 2019-nCoV surface glycoprotein (count: 1) | |
| B cell epitope predictions were carried out using the 2019-nCoV surface glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, and membrane glycoprotein sequences, which, as described above, were found to be the main protein targets for B cell responses to other coronaviruses.
| |
| 2019-nCoV CD4 megapool | covers | 10 predicted proteins (count: 1) | |
| The 2019-nCoV CD4 megapool covers all 10 predicted proteins, with the number of potential epitopes proportional to the size of each protein (Table S4) .
| |
| We | compared | anti-2019-nCoV antibodies in groups (count: 1) | |
| We also compared the anti-2019-nCoV antibodies values distributions in different groups.
| |
| little | has | has reported about situation of antibodies in fever non-COVID-19 population (count: 1) | |
| To our knowledge, little has been reported about the specific antibody production process in the course of COVID-19 disease, and little has been reported about the different situation of antibodies in fever non-COVID-19 population, other diseases, special contact population such as medical staff and healthy population.
| |
| lymphocyte | severity of | COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| As mentioned in previous studies, the severity of lymphocytopenia might indicate the severity of COVID-19, under the assumption of SARS-CoV-2 viral could attack and destroy the lymphocyte targetedly 2 .
-- Clinical characteristics of 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. medrxiv. 2020-02-29. | |
| lymphocyte responses | is in | peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (count: 1) | |
| Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.
-- reference not found! | |
| CD8 T cells counts | contribute to | severity of COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| Reduced CD3 and CD8 T cells counts in the context of excessive activation of these cells have been shown to contribute to the severity and mortality of COVID-19 by causing severe immune damage.
-- Caution: The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients at admission are changing. medrxiv. 2020-03-06. | |
| Peripheral blood samples | were collected from | COVID-19 patients for lymphocyte subsets (count: 1) | |
| /2020 Peripheral blood samples were collected from the involved COVID-19 patients for lymphocyte subsets and cytokines test.
-- reference not found! | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | influence on | lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| /2020 potential mechanisms of lymphopenia, particularly the decrease of CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts in COVID-19 patients remain unclear, the SARS-CoV-2 might have a direct influence on lymphocytes or lymphatic organs, or through an indirect pathway [12, 13] .
-- reference not found! | |
| CD8 T lymphocytes cases | indicating | COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| 18 Our findings showed that CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes have significant difference (p < 0.01) between mild (Non-ICU) and severe or critical (ICU) cases without glucocorticoid treatment indicating COVID-19 directly effected on immune system is possible.
-- reference not found! | |
| demonstrating | power for | neutralization prediction of antibodies for viruses like COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| The out of class prediction is 100% for SARS and 84.61% for Influenza, demonstrating the power of our model for neutralization prediction of antibodies for novel viruses like COVID-19.
-- reference not found! | |
| mutating | enhancing | affinity of antibodies to COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| In addition, the interpretation of ML model revealed that mutating to Methionine and Tyrosine is highly efficient in enhancing the affinity of antibodies to COVID-19.
-- reference not found! | |
| lymphocyte counts | were | laboratory indexes in COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| 1) CRP levels and lymphocyte counts were the main significant laboratory indexes in COVID-19, 2) After obtaining negative RT-PCR results, the CRP level continuously decreased, but half of the patients still had levels higher than the normal range.
-- reference not found! | |
| COVID-19 patients | decreases in | lymphocyte counts (count: 1) | |
| Similarly, our study demonstrated that a few COVID-19 patients had sustainable increases in CRP levels and decreases in lymphocyte counts, and most patients' CT images demonstrated progression before the RT-PCR results became negative, which suggests that these patients may suffer from inflammatory storms and lymphatic system (especially T lymphocyte) injuries caused by the virus [7] .
-- reference not found! | |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | was identified as | indicator for COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| Increasing clinical data indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was identified as a powerful predictive and prognostic indicator for severe COVID-19.
| |
| T cell exhaustion | play role in | development of COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| These data suggest that CD8 + T cell exhaustion and IL-6-based inflammation might play an important role in the development of COVID-19.
| |
| COVID-19 virus | might act on | lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| COVID-19 virus might act on lymphocytes as does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which induces a cytokine storm and results in a series of immune responses.
| |
| CD4 | decreased in | majority of patients with 2 9 4 COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| T lymphocytes, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells decreased in the majority of patients with either 2 9 4 severe (100%, 100% and 87.5%) or moderate COVID-19 (83.3%, 100% and 83.3%), and 2 9 5 total T lymphocytes, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells counts were reduced more profoundly in author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
-- Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate forms of Coronavirus Disease 2019. medrxiv. 2020-02-19. | |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | affect | T lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect primarily T lymphocytes,
-- Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate forms of Coronavirus Disease 2019. medrxiv. 2020-02-19. | |
| lymphocytes | is in | patient with COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| to determine the effects of corticosteroid on lymphocytes in the patient with COVID-19.
-- Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate forms of Coronavirus Disease 2019. medrxiv. 2020-02-19. | |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | may affect | T lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| In conclusion, the SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect primarily T lymphocytes, especially 4 3 6
-- Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate forms of Coronavirus Disease 2019. medrxiv. 2020-02-19. | |
| we | report | application of 250 SARS-CoV-2 N ELISA for detection of IgM antibodies in 251 hospital patients (count: 1) | |
| In this study, we report the application of the 250 SARS-CoV-2 N protein-based ELISA for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in the 251 admitted hospital patients with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| |
| CD4 cells | is in | patients infected with 2019-nCoV (count: 1) | |
| These CD4 + T cells in patients infected with 2019-nCoV have 77 higher expression of CD69, CD38, and CD44 compared with healthy controls (Fig.1a, b) , 78 indicating their activated status.
| |
| gated CD45 | in plots is | ICU patients of 2019-nCoV (count: 1) | |
| Pathogenic Th1 cells with high expression of GM-CSF in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of 2019-nCoV. (a) Representative density plots showing an analysis of GM-CSF and IL-6 expressions in gated CD45 + CD3 + CD4 + T cells (Gating strategy showing in Extended Data Figure 1a) isolated from peripheral blood in healthy controls, ICU and non-ICU patients of 2019-nCoV. (b) Representative density plots showing an analysis of co-expression of GM-CSF and IFN- in gated CD45 + CD3 + CD4 + T cells isolated from peripheral blood in healthy controls, ICU and non-ICU patients of 2019-nCoV. (c) Statistics calculated by the percentage of GM-CSF+ or IL-6+ cells from CD4 + T cells. (
| |
| plasma samples | were tested for | antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| A total of 535 plasma samples collected during the hospitalization period of the 173 patients were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
-- Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. medrxiv. 2020-03-03. | |
| we | analyzed | lymphocyte subsets in blood of COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Next, we analyzed the kinetic changes of WBCs, neutrophils and monocytes as well as different lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients from the disease onset to at least 16 days later.
| |
| we | determine | changes of lymphocyte subsets in blood of COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| In order to further determine the kinetic changes of different lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients, we performed flow cytometry to stain CD3 + T cells, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets, B cells and NK cells.
| |
| lymphocyte counts | are normal in | COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Recent reports show that the lymphocyte counts are normal in COVID-19 patients with mild diseases.
| |
| SARS-CoV-2 | induced | T cell contraction (count: 1) | |
| So far, it remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 induced T cell contraction is the result of a direct T cell infection or an indirect effect cause by the virus, such as APC function disorder or overactive inflammatory responses.
| |
| We | found | decrease in CD45 in COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| We found a similar decrease in CD45+ lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients ( Figure 1F ).
-- Immunopathological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Guangzhou, China. medrxiv. 2020-03-16. | |
| excessive T cell activation | is in | COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| Indeed, a latest case report shows the sign of excessive T cell activation in COVID-19, as .
-- Immunopathological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Guangzhou, China. medrxiv. 2020-03-16. | |
| SARS-CoV test assays | detect for | 4 presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| We evaluated SARS-CoV test assays to detect for 4 the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and tried to determine the timing of appearance of 5 these antibodies by testing serial sera from these patients.
-- reference not found! | |
| SARS-CoV antibody assays | can detect antibodies in | patients with COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| 119 We also did not take into account other factors which could cause the delay in development of In conclusion, we provided proof of concept that the available SARS-CoV antibody 133 assays can reliably detect antibodies in patients with COVID-19 which could be used in this 134 current outbreak situation for serosurveys and as a diagnostic tool for under resourced countries.
-- reference not found! | |
| We | checked | epitope positions on SARS-CoV-2 S 110 protein based on epitope information of 11 antibodies developing (count: 1) | |
| We additionally checked the epitope positions on the SARS-CoV-2 S 110 protein based on the known epitope information of 11 neutralizing antibodies developing for SARS-CoV and 111 MERS-CoV. Each information of epitope positions was acquired from literatures (Table 1) The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the .
-- Spike protein binding prediction with neutralizing antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. biorxiv. 2020-02-27. | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | of candidates is | five antibodies against SARS-CoV (count: 1) | |
| neutralizing antibody candidates of SARS-CoV-2, the five antibodies against SARS-CoV and the six 123 author/funder.
-- Spike protein binding prediction with neutralizing antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. biorxiv. 2020-02-27. | |
| assays | can | can instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for evaluation studies (count: 1) | |
| Overall, the validated assays described here can be instrumental for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiological and vaccine evaluation studies.
-- reference not found! | |
| we | used as | antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in ELISA format (count: 1) | |
| Since the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 is 90% similar to that of SARS-CoV ( Table 2) , we used SARS-CoV N as an antigen to test for SARS-CoV-2 N-directed antibodies in an ELISA format.
-- reference not found! | |
| three COVID-19 patients | had antibodies by | IgG (count: 1) | |
| All three COVID-19 patients had reactive antibodies by both the IgG (6/10 serum samples) and IgA (7/10 serum samples) ELISAs (Figure 3) .
-- reference not found! | |
| we | compared | performance for detection of antibodies among COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Finally, we compared the performance of the different ELISAs for the detection of antibodies among PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients to that of PRNT, as the gold standard for CoV serology ( Table 3) .
-- reference not found! | |
| N-ELISA | could detect | SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies with specificity (count: 1) | |
| The N-ELISA could detect SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies with high specificity and sensitivity.
-- reference not found! | |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection | induces | lymphocyte infiltration (count: 1) | |
| Collectively, these results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly induces severe acute tubular necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration.
-- reference not found! | |
| lymphocytes | play roles in | COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| Thus, it is likely that lymphocytes play distinct roles in COVID-19, which deserves further investigation.
-- reference not found! | |
| we | evaluated | immunoassays for detection of antibodies against 223 SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| In this study, we evaluated immunoassays for the detection of antibodies against 223 SARS-CoV-2.
-- reference not found! | |
| CD4 | is in | elder patients with COVID-19 21 (count: 1) | |
| A recent study showed a significantly reduced total number of T cells, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in elder and severe patients with COVID-19 21 , and revealed one possible mechanism by which the aberrant cytokine signaling including TNF-a, IL-6 All rights reserved.
-- Clinical features and outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. medrxiv. 2020-03-06. | |
| Diagnosis | can | can obtained by detection of COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibodies in serum (count: 1) | |
| Diagnosis can also be obtained by detection of COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibodies in serum, plasma or whole blood sample.
| |
| CR3022 | can synergize with | 100 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for neutralization (count: 1) | |
| Although CR3022 itself cannot 99 neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in this in vitro assay, whether CR3022 can synergize with other 100 SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted monoclonal antibodies for neutralization remains to be 101 determined.
-- A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor-binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. biorxiv. 2020-03-14. | |
| work | isolating | antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 154 patients (count: 1) | |
| Much work is now ongoing in isolating human monoclonal antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 154 patients.
-- A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor-binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. biorxiv. 2020-03-14. | |
| lymphocyte count | is indicator for | disease classification in COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| By retrospectively tracking the dynamic changes of LYM% in death cases and cured cases, this study suggests that lymphocyte count is an effective and reliable indicator for disease classification and prognosis in COVID-19 patients.
-- Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. medrxiv. 2020-03-03. | |
| lymphocyte deficiency | is pathology of | COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| A high correlation of blood lymphocytes with the disease progression suggested that lymphocyte deficiency or incapacity is the key cellular pathology of COVID-19.
-- Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. medrxiv. 2020-03-03. | |
| TCR J recombination | generating | antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| TCR and BCR V(D)J recombination is highly diverse in generating different antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
| |
| Patient | has | B cell antibodies among COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Patient 9 has the strongest B cell antibodies among all COVID-19 patients. (
| |
| neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | were higher in | COVID-19 group (count: 1) | |
| Although neutrophil count had no obvious difference, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group
-- COVID-19 early warning score: a multi-parameter screening tool to identify highly suspected patients. medrxiv. 2020-03-08. | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | damage to | T lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| Consistent with a previous study, we found CD4 + T cell count and CD8 + T cell count were negatively correlated to the severity of COVID-19, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may direct or indirect damage to T lymphocytes and further aggravates disease progression.
-- COVID-19 early warning score: a multi-parameter screening tool to identify highly suspected patients. medrxiv. 2020-03-08. | |
| T cell count | might contribute to | immunity in patients with COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| 12, 13 Reduced CD4 and CD8 T cell count accompanied by their over-activation might contribute to the impaired immunity and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.
-- reference not found! | |
| We | identified | set of antibodies with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 RBD (count: 1) | |
| Here we report the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding-domain (RBD) at a the highest resolution to date, of 1.95 Å. We identified a set of SARS-reactive monoclonal antibodies with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 RBD and other betacoronavirus S glycoproteins.
-- A Cryptic Site of Vulnerability on the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. biorxiv. 2020-03-17. | |
| equipoise | regarding | binding affinities of SARS-CoV antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 RBD (count: 1) | |
| Additionally, we present the antigenicity of this recombinant RBD, particularly of interest, given the equipoise in the literature regarding the binding affinities of SARS-CoV antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 RBD.
-- A Cryptic Site of Vulnerability on the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. biorxiv. 2020-03-17. | |
| E SARS-CoV-2 RBD | was bound by | antibodies followed (count: 1) | |
| E SARS-CoV-2 RBD was sequentially bound by antibodies CR3022 or 240CD followed by soluble human ACE2 receptor.
-- A Cryptic Site of Vulnerability on the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. biorxiv. 2020-03-17. | |
| SARS-CoV-2specific T lymphocyte response | was | unclear (count: 1) | |
| SARS-CoV-2specific T lymphocyte response was unclear.
-- reference not found! | |
| they | developed | SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses (count: 1) | |
| As shown in Figure 2B , compared with healthy donors, the numbers of IFN-g-secreting NP-specific T cells in patients #1, 2, 4 and 5 were much higher than other patients, suggesting that they had developed SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses.
-- reference not found! | |
| T cell responses | is in | COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| T cell responses to recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins in COVID-19 patients. (
-- reference not found! | |
| T cell peptide vaccine | using | envelope protein of 2019-nCoV (count: 1) | |
| Method: Several techniques facilitating the combination of immunoinformatics approach and comparative genomic approach were used in order to determine the potential peptides for designing the T cell epitopes-based peptide vaccine using the envelope protein of 2019-nCoV as a target.
| |
| T cell peptide vaccine | was designed for | COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| Conclusion: T cell epitopes-based peptide vaccine was designed for COVID-19 using envelope protein as an immunogenic target.
| |
| IEDB website | analyze | 2019-nCoV envelope protein for T cell peptides (count: 1) | |
| IEDB website was used to analyze 2019-nCoV envelope protein for T cell related peptides.
| |
| We | compared | expression on surface of CD4 from COVID-19 (count: 1) | |
| We also compared the expression of exhaustion markers PD-1 and Tim-3 on the surface of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells from COVID-19 and healthy controls.
-- Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). medrxiv. 2020-02-20. | |
| Our results | provide | demonstration of T cell exhaustion during COVID-19 infection (count: 1) | |
| Our results thus provide a preliminary demonstration of T cell exhaustion during COVID-19 infection and suggest that more aggressive early intervention may be required in patients with low T lymphocyte counts.
-- Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). medrxiv. 2020-02-20. | |
| SARS-CoV-2 viruses | induce | T cell exhaustion (count: 1) | |
| Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that the percentage of PD-1 + CD8 + T cells from ICU patients was significantly higher than from both Non-ICU cases and healthy controls ( Figure 3B) , indicating that SARS-CoV-2 viruses induce T cell exhaustion in COVID-19 patients, particularly in those requiring ICU care.
-- Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). medrxiv. 2020-02-20. | |
| Earlier studies | have | have unclear regarding numbers of T cells in COVID-19 patients albeit with suggestions of lymphocyte counts (count: 1) | |
| 15, 16 Earlier studies have been unclear regarding the numbers and function of T cells in COVID-19 patients, albeit with suggestions of depressed lymphocyte counts.
-- Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). medrxiv. 2020-02-20. | |
| Reducing T cell numbers | is in | COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Reducing T cell numbers in COVID-19 patients.
-- Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). medrxiv. 2020-02-20. | |
| it | assess | cross-reactivity of CoV antibodies with 2019-nCoV spike protein (count: 1) | |
| Considering the relatively high identity of receptor-binding domain (RBD) in 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV, it is urgent to assess the cross-reactivity of anti-SARS CoV antibodies with 2019-nCoV spike protein, which could have important implications for rapid development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against 2019-nCoV. Here, we report for the first time that a SARS-CoV-specific human monoclonal antibody, CR3022, could bind potently with 2019-nCoV RBD (KD of 6.3 nM).
-- reference not found! | |
| it | determine | cross-reactivity of antibodies with 2019-nCoV spike protein (count: 1) | |
| Furthermore, while most of the 80R-binding residues on the RBD of SARS-CoV are not conserved on RBD of 2019-nCoV ( Figure 1(c) ), it is unlikely that the antibody 80R could effectively recognize 2019-nCoV. Therefore, it is urgent to experimentally determine the cross-reactivity of anti-SARS-CoV antibodies with 2019-nCoV spike protein, which could have important implications for rapid development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against 2019-nCoV.
-- reference not found! | |
| patients | should produce 2019-nCoV antibodies in | titer (count: 1) | |
| Patients with resolved viral infection will develop a polyclonal antibody immune response to different viral antigens of 2019-nCoV. Some of these polyclonal antibodies will likely neutralize the virus and prevent new rounds of infection, and the patients with resolved infection should produce 2019-nCoV antibodies in high titer.
-- reference not found! | |
| nucleocapsid N protein T cell epitopes | are identical in | SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| Set of the SARS-CoV-derived spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein T cell epitopes (obtained from positive MHC binding assays) that are identical in SARS-CoV-2 and that maximize estimated population coverage globally (87 distinct epitopes).
| |
| SARS-CoV-2 | consume | lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| T lymphocyte subsets showed a decrease in both CD4 þ and CD8 þ T cell subsets, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an early and reliable indicator for the development of severe COVID-19, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can consume lymphocytes, which may also be an important reason for the virus to proliferate and spread in the early stage of the disease.
-- reference not found! | |
| COVID-19 infection | results in | decrease in helper T cell counts (count: 1) | |
| COVID-19 infection results in a decrease in helper, suppressor and regulatory T cell counts.
-- reference not found! | |
| decreased lymphocytes | is in | COVID-19 group (count: 1) | |
| Regarding laboratory examinations, the proportions of normal or decreased leukocyte counts and decreased lymphocytes in the COVID-19 group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05).
-- reference not found! | |
| RNA | develop | ment of antibodies against surface of SARS-CoV-2 (count: 1) | |
| Despite develop ment of antibodies against surface and internal proteins of SARS-CoV-2, viral RNA could still be detected in posterior oropharyngeal (deep throat) saliva samples from a third of patients for 20 days or longer.
-- reference not found! | |
| tocilizumab | can restore T cell counts in | COVID-19 patients (count: 1) | |
| Whether tocilizumab can restore T cell counts in COVID-19 patients by suppressing IL-6 signaling remains uninvestigated [8] .
-- reference not found! | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | cause cell pyroptosis in | lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| Based on existing data, SARS-CoV-2 is likely to cause cell pyroptosis, especially in lymphocytes, through the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
-- The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020-03-03. | |
| COVID-19 | may | may linked to cell pyroptosis in lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| The COVID-19 may be linked to cell pyroptosis, especially in lymphocytes through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
-- The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020-03-03. | |
| lymphocyte | counts observed in | cases of COVID-19 3 8 (count: 1) | |
| In their works, Yang X et al and Chen N et al propose a direct cytotoxic action of the virus to explain the low lymphocyte counts observed in the severe cases of COVID-19 3 8 .
-- Lymphopenic community acquired pneumonia as signature of severe COVID-19 infection. Journal of Infection. 2020-03-05. | |
| COVID-19 | act on | lymphocytes (count: 1) | |
| The frequency of lymphopenia found suggests that COVID-19 might act on lymphocytes, especially T lymphocytes, as does SARS-CoV, maybe including depletion of CD4 and CD8 cells [4] .
-- reference not found! | |
| decoy cell vaccine | generating | T cell immunity against determinant of SARS-CoV-2 entry (count: 1) | |
| The decoy cell vaccine can drive the host cellular immune response toward Th1, generating both potent cytotoxic T cell immunity against the major determinant of SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and pathogenesis (Figure 2 ).
-- reference not found! | |
| T cell epitopes | potential B for | SARS-CoV-2 d approaches (count: 1) | |
| Graphical Abstract Highlights d Ten experimentally defined regions within SARS-CoV have high homology with SARS-CoV-2 d Parallel bioinformatics predicted potential B and T cell epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 d Independent approaches identified the same immunodominant regions d The conserved immune regions have implications for vaccine design against multiple CoVs SUMMARY
-- A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host & Microbe. 2020-03-16. | |
| we | aligned SARS-CoV B cell epitope region to | SARS-CoV-2 sequence (count: 1) | |
| Next, we aligned the SARS-CoV B cell epitope region sequences to the SARS-CoV-2 sequence to calculate the percentage identity between each of the SARS-CoV-dominant regions and SARS-CoV-2 (Table 4 ).
-- A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host & Microbe. 2020-03-16. | |
| B cell epitope predictions | using | SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein (count: 1) | |
| B cell epitope predictions were carried out using the SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, and membrane glycoprotein sequences, which, as described above, were found to be the main protein targets for B cell responses to other coronaviruses.
-- A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host & Microbe. 2020-03-16. | |
| SARS-CoV-2 CD4 megapool | covers | 10 predicted proteins (count: 1) | |
| The SARS-CoV-2 CD4 megapool covers all 10 predicted proteins, with the number of potential epitopes proportional to the size of each protein (Table S4 ).
-- A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host & Microbe. 2020-03-16. | |
| combination | is with | other neutralizing antibodies for prevention of COVID-19 infection (count: 1) | |
| CR3022 has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic candidate, alone or in combination with other neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection (55) .
-- COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research. 2020-03-16. | |
| report | shows | number of CD4 in blood of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients (count: 1) | |
| The latest report shows the number of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients significantly is reduced, whereas its status is excessive activation, as evidenced by high proportions of HLA-DR (CD4 3.47%) and CD38 (CD8 39.4%) double-positive fractions [31] .
-- Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2020-03-05. | |